Media Key Words

Naturalistic Mise-en-scene: Type of mise-en-scene- the cinematic world and its objects follow assumed laws of nature and society and have  consistently logical relationships to one another.

Linear Narrative: Linear narratives follow a straight line- starting at the beginning, moving to the middle and proceeding to the end. 

Narrative Disruption: When something happens within the narrative that changes the course of action.


In the video 'Unfinished Sympathy' by Massive Attack, why would you describe the miss-en-scene as naturalistic? Why would you then describe the mise-en-scene in Fatboy Slim's 'Ya Mama' as less naturalistic? 

The video for 'Unfinished Sympathy' is more naturalistic then that of Fatboy Slim's 'Ya Mama' as the urban setting is made up of normal looking people going about their everyday lives. The clothing of all performers is what is to be expected of people in that area of LA in the 1990s. However, in 'Ya Mama', the atmosphere is more theatrical as there is a sense of the narrative being staged. Even the costumes of the three men at the beginning is non-naturalistic as they wear stereotypical 'hillbilly' costumes which, along with other subtle objects throughout the video, suggest the main cast are 'backwards' people even using cassette tapes and watching Tom and Jerry, a 1940s cartoon. As the video progresses, chaos erupts at the local market, which is also shown to be a 'backwards' society due to images such as hand painted signs using simple advertising terms such as 'this could be your cake' at a cake stall. Even the police station, which is meant to be a place of authority, has a handmade sign which is spelt wrong- 'Polis Stazion'. This enhances the sense of comedy, making it non-naturalistic as it pokes fun at the 







In the video 'Ya Mama' by Fatboy Slim why would you describe the narrative as linear? Why would you not describe the narrative in 'Unfinished Sympathy' by Massive  Attacks as linear? 






At what point in 'Ya Mama' is there a narrative disruption? Explain the event and how this disrupts the initial equilibrium of the scene.






In Massive Attacks 'Unfinished Sympathy' what do you see in the video that implies a world of different stories?

Media Terminology

Media Terminology

Social Realism: The realistic depiction in art of contemporary life, as a means of social or political comment

Postmodernism: A late 20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism, which represents a departure from modernism and is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general distrust of theories.

Intertextuality: The term intertextuality refers to the process of creating references to any kind of media via another media text. In other words intertextuality essentially means for a type of media (film, television, music etc) to pay homage to another media text.

Narrative: A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.

Diegesis: A narrative or plot, typically in a film.

Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Unfinished Sympathy- Massive Attack

Unfinished Sympathy- Massive Attack

The purpose of music videos is to promote the artist to the target audience and to reflect who they are as an artist. The song 'Unfinished Sympathy' by  the British band Massive Attack was produced in 1990 and released on February 11th 1991 by Circa Records. The genre of the song is 'trip-hop' but features a string section and various orchestral elements as well as the vocals of Shara Nelson who stars in the video. The lyrics show Nelson to be longing for someone in particular, while she is wary of being hurt as she has been in the past. 

The video was directed by Baillie Walsh and uses one continuous shot filmed from 1311 South New Hampshire Avenue to West Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. The first shot is of a street gang which highlights the gang culture present in 1990s LA, as the group of 5-8 men are real gangsters rather than actors. The gang is made up of a mix of ethnicities, showing that the community  in the video are all of the same low social class regardless of the colour of their skin. One of the men holds the lead of a pitbull who wears sunglasses and a collar with spiked studs on.  

60 Second Film - The Night Before

Plan B- ill Manors

Plan B- ill Manors

The song ill Manors by Plan B was released on 23rd July 2012 as the soundtrack to the film of the same name, also directed by Plan B. The genre of the song is hip-hop and protest, focusing on the events of the London riots and reasons behind the actions of those involved. The lead single even won the Q award for Best Track in October 2012. 

Throughout the music video, an urban setting is used featuring tower blocks, council estates and car parks. This reflects the dull perspective that Plan B takes, as he criticises modern society and exposes the reality behind the veneer of tourist London. The bleak backdrop is also in keeping with the urban genre and is representative of the emotions that those living in this state are feeling. In a scene from the video, Plan B looks over the city of London and nearest to him is run down council estates with smoke rising- suggesting the area is contaminated with pollution. In this area, the lighting is grey and plain; however, beyond the smoke a golden light shines on the tourist hub of London. This suggests that that part of London is clean and taken care of and is in it's own bubble, isolating the areas around it and alienating the  people. The smoke acts as another division between the two, showing that although the two areas are close enough to be seen from each area, they are split into two completely different worlds.

London is also an ideal location for Plan B's social commentary to take place as it is the centre of British politics which the song makes multiple references to- 'We've had it with you politicians/ You bloody rich kids never listen', making it the perfect setting for a protest song as it is at the heart of political decisions. The video includes pictures of politicians such as David Cameron and John Prescott which shows proof of the existence of people in power who make poor decisions and are therefore blamed by Plan B's target audience. There is a backdrop of political issues throughout the video which appeal to the alienated audience that Plan B reaches, giving them a voice in a society that has never listened. As much of Plan B's audience may live in London, they may directly affected by the problems that he discusses in his video and so they would be able to relate to it as it is their everyday life.

In the gif from the video shown above, a man throws an egg on John Prescott- a politician. This shows the disrespect those over looked by the higher powers have for politicians, as they have the power and authority to make a difference, but they don't. Prescott then violently responds, proving that disrespectful actions are the only way of people living in these foul conditions getting attention from the politicians. This is an extreme downscale of the effects of the London riots, when people started to cause chaos all over London and in some other cities in the UK, they finally were responded to, even being talked about internationally. The scene cuts to Plan B punching towards the camera, suggesting that people will respond violence with violence, causing an endless cycle and rift between the different groups in society. 

The stereotypical costume of youth is used in the video; including tracksuits, hoodies and caps. Plan B uses this to present the youth as the people who face the issues and alienation shown in the video, as a Guardian article after the 2011 London riots described the hoodie as a 'criminal cloak for London's looting youth'. The artist dresses his cast in the recognisable outfit of a deviant youth in order to appeal to the young people of today whom he targets, along with the genre of the song that appeals to those with similar opinions to him. The costumes used such as bandanas, caps and scarfs also are effective in obscuring the identity of the performers; this links to the 2011 London riots where unprivileged teens used clothing to hide their identity while committing crimes such as theft, arson and violence. Many of the performers even wear gloves, suggesting they are about to commit a crime or already have as gloves stop fingerprints from appearing on objects touched during the crime which would lead the police to the criminals identity. The excess coverage of the clothing also allows for the groups to appear as a faceless mob rather than a collection of individuals, making it relatable for viewers who live a similar lifestyle.

The costume used also reinforces the genre of 'hip-hop' as tracksuits commonly appear in music videos of the same genre. Plan B uses an array of  exaggerated stereotypes to present the youth in his song 'ill Manors' through both the lyrics and the visual impact of the video. He uses this exaggeration to present how, when there is a moral panic, society is quick to blame the youth whom they fear; however he questions the validity of this fear.


The music video for the song 'Shut Up' by Stormzy features a cast who wear tracksuits and caps as shown below:

Plan B also uses props such as mobile phones to further enhance the fact that those facing these issues are the youth who tend to be savvy with modern technology. A girl is even shown to use her mobile phone to record a fight; Plan B may have included this clip to present the less obvious issues that occur in society such as 'happy slapping'. He exposes the grim reality of the lives of the type of people shown in the video. By accepting the fact that people like himself have done wrong such as committing crimes, his opinions become more respected as he takes the different perspectives into account and states the reasons why people act the way they do without denying that people like those shown in the video are at fault. Plan B uses props such as cigarettes to add to the image of a defiant and rebellious youth, as well as baseball bats and pit-bulls to perceive this group as violent.

The music video contains a mix of races but the majority of people shown are black. This may be in reference to the London riots which were triggered by the shooting of Mark Duggan, an unarmed black teenager killed by a police man in 2011. This led many people to believe that it was because of his race that he was shot without showing signs of serious violence, and all throughout London riots began which soon spread into other cities in the UK. Plan B uses references to the London riots throughout his video, even including real footage from the riots. He uses his song and music video to prove that, although people of a low social class do commit violent acts, there are reasons for this that make them not responsible for all of the blame. In multiple clips, teens are shown to be holding red flares which turn the lighting red. The purpose of red flares in general is to call for help, which suggests that the teenagers use them as a cry for help aimed at those who have the power to make a difference as they currently are made to feel alienated from society. 

Editing Using Premiere Pro

Editing Using Premiere Pro:

For our first editing project, we were given a variety of video clips as well as the soundtrack 'Oops Upside Your Head' by The Gap Band. We were tasked with editing these videos together with the soundtrack playing throughout, as demonstrated by our teacher and YouTube tutorials. We were challenged with matching the clips with the beat of the music and cutting down the clips to fit our personal preference. We also learnt how to add a title to our videos which I placed right at the beginning.

When carrying out these tasks, I easily grasped how to effectively match the beat to the actions of the people in the video clips. As there were an array of clips that showed people on hover boards flipping upside down, I was able to show this clips when the lyrics were 'upside your head' on several occasions. This worked well to show how the lyrics of the music coincided with the videos. However, when I added a title on to the beginning of the video, I played it back and the beat was now out of sync with the actions in the video. Having the title appear for a few seconds before the video began but when the music had started meant that the music was now a few seconds earlier than the video. To overcome this problem, instead of having the title appear before the video began, I placed it on top of the first clip and in the corner with the video still visible so that the video and music began at the same time and the title faded after a few seconds.

I think that the synchronization of the beat and the actions in the video clips was successful as they worked well together and had a continuous theme. To improve it, I would like to work on the transitions between each clip to make them flow into each other which I could do by learning how to use transitions on Premiere Pro.

Media language use of camera

Basic Camera Shots:

Extreme long shot- (Establishment shot):

ELS are used to introduce a setting, usually the exterior of a building before the action takes place in a room. This makes the viewer believe that the action is inside of the building shown in the ELS when in fact it is filmed in a film set. The purpose of an ELS is to show the viewer where the scene is taking place and what time of day it is to give them perspective.

Long Shot:

Long shots are used to stress the environment or setting of a scene, they typically show the entire object or human figure. Usually, they are used to move from one scene into another without talking as it is the entrance into a scene that then may be followed by a mid shot of the same person.  

Mid Shot (Medium Shot):

Mid shots are shots taken from the waist up; they are commonly are used for dialogue sequences. They allow for the character's expressions to be shown as well as their movement and gesture. Mid shots are important for the viewer to be able to get a sense of the character and their intentions through their body language and emotions. This shot is general and all-purpose so generally used in films. 

Two Shot:

Two shots are when two people are in the frame; they are used to establish a relationship between two characters. It shows how they act around each other, their body language towards each other  and the distance between them. This basic camera shot is commonly used in interviews or when presenters are hosting a show. 

Close up:

Close up shots are when a feature or object takes up most of the frame. They are used to focus on detail such as facial expressions which may be important to the plot line. On a person, a close up is generally of their face, as it is what conveys their emotions the most effectively. Close-ups can also be used as a cut-in.

Extreme Close up:

Extreme close ups fill the frame with only a detail of the subject- for example, someone's eyes. This is not enough to show the emotions of someone unless in very dramatic scenes. This shot shows extreme detail so is used to focus on something in particular. 

Point of View:

Point of view shots are used to show the intentions of the character. They show what the character is looking at and generally is followed by a shot of the character's facial expressions to show their reaction to what they are looking at. These have the intention of captivating the audience as they are able to see from the character's perspective. 

Over the shoulder:

An over the shoulder shot is when the back of the shoulder and head of a person is used to frame the image of the subject the camera is pointing at. This is usually used when two people are having a discussion or when someone is creeping up on the character whose shoulder is shown. This shot also establishes the distance between the characters or what the character is observing. 

High angle:

A high angle shot is where the camera looks down on the subject from a high angle, a cinematic technique used in many films. This can make the subject appear vulnerable or powerless when paired with the right mood and setting, as they appear small and the camera towers over them. 

Low angle shot:

A low angle shot is a shot from a low angle- below eye line- looking up. This shot is used as it has a psychological affect on the audience, making the subject appear strong and powerful. Low angle shots give a sense of authority so are frequently used in political advertisements as many people look up to those in power. 

Basic Camera Movements:

Tracking (back):

A tracking shot from the back is where the camera follows the subject it is recording which would otherwise leave the frame. The camera is mounted on a camera 'dolly' that is then placed on rails- like a railroad track; this ensures the smooth movement of the camera. The camera is then pushed along the track while the image is being filmed. 

Tracking (front):

Tracking from the front is when the camera is in front of the subject and moves backwards while the character moves forwards, rather than the camera following the character from behind. A 'dolly' and rails can also be used to make the movement smooth when the camera is pushed along the track.








Sideways tracking shot (crab):

A sideways tracking shot, also referred to as a 'crab shot', is the same as tracking but is films the side of the subject rather than the front or back. This is often used to follow the movement of a character or an object. This allows for the audience to keep pace with the action.








Arc:

An arc shot is where the camera circles its subject. The subject is typically still and the camera provides the motion, tracking around the subject. An arc shot is often used to reveal different components of the area in which the subject is standing.








Pan:

Pan shots are where the camera sweeps around the scene, they can be used to establish a scene or location. They can also be used to track movement long a horizontal surface or to shoot characters moving to and fro in a room. Pan shots can be used as point of view shots; when a character has entered a room, a pan shot of the room can be used to see through the character's eyes.






Tilt shot:

A tilt shot is a simple movement of the camera upwards or downwards on an axis. An upwards tilt shot is often used to create a sense of height or power, similar to a low angle shot. This shot can be used with a point of view shot, enabling the audience to follow the character's view of the action of object. Downwards tilting can be used as an establishing shot, tilting down from a tall landmark to the characters.


(Tilt- upward)



(Tilt- downward)

The Media and Me

The Media and Me

There are various forms of media, and it has vastly evolved over the last decade to the point where it dominates most of our lives. Some forms have had a strong impact on my life whereas others have not directly affected me as they are mediums that are beginning to fade as technology progresses.

Newspapers:

I personally do not read newspapers, and therefore it has not had a huge impact on my life. However, my parents used to purchase 'the guardian' newspaper, which they told me was far more reliable then newspapers such as 'The Sun' and 'The Daily Mail' which have strong conservative ideologies. When I go into my local post office, I see the front covers of the range of newspapers that are available and their harsh criticisms they use as headlines to manipulate consumers political views. From both seeing these headlines that contrast greatly between newspapers and listening to my parents opinions, I know that newspapers can be negative if they are completely trusted as they are biased and one sided. They haven't changed my personal views as I haven't solely relied on them for information, but many people do read them and blindly follow everything they see.

Music Videos:

Music videos have helped me to understand the struggles that people go through from a new perspective. They have allowed me to feel more empathy for people in certain situations as artists are able to express the meaning of their song lyrics through their music videos. Music videos can also be used as platforms to criticise aspects of society, for example, Beyonce criticises the ridiculous standards of beauty forced upon girls in her music video 'Pretty Hurts'. This has effected me personally as the video has the aim of bringing girl's confidence up and ridicules the notion of girls not needing to care about their education if they are pretty.

Beyonce 'Pretty Hurts' music video:

The singer 'Logic' created a music video to his song '1-800-273-8255'. The song title is the number for a suicide help line, and the video tells the story of a boy who is struggling with his sexuality and bullied for it, making him on the verge of suicide. This had an impact on me as I was able to see what he was going through from his perspective which I had never experienced before, and I feel that if there were more music videos like this one, people could become more openminded and empathise more with others situations. Many people no longer watch music videos, due to the popularity of streaming apps such as Spotify. Music videos used to be used to promote the artists and express their style, but in 2018 there are many other platforms for promotion such as Instagram.


Logic '1-800-273-8255' music video:

Advertising:

Advertisements have had an impact on me as over the years, they have made me buy various products. When I was younger, I used to see adverts for toys in the breaks of the TV programmes I would watch; they were tailored to promote products that I would like, based on the show I was watching. This made me want the toys that were advertised and I would ask my parents for them as they made having hundreds of toys seem normal, which in fact it wasn't.

Example of an advertisement aimed at young children:

As most TV programmes are now watched on demand, I am able to skip through adverts so it is now uncommon for me personally to see advertisements on TV. However, I do see adverts on YouTube that promote products I may be interested in depending on the type of video I am watching e.g. makeup products after watching a beauty based video. 

Advertisements can be manipulative as they have the power to make products feel essential even when they are designed purely to make money. For example, Listerine uses the term 'halitosis' to describe bad breath, making their mouth wash appear to many as a medicine and therefore, an essential. Many adverts affect the way people view themselves due to the use of photoshop to enhance the actors/ models appearance. By filtering the flaws of those in the adverts, viewers change their expectations of themselves, lowering their self worth as they don't match the unachievable standard of beauty that is portrayed in these advertisements. 

Video Games:
Video games have impacted me as growing up there has been games available for social interaction, fitness and competition. For example, when I was around the age of 9, my friends and I played 'Club Penguin' which helped improve my social skills as it was multiplayer and we were able to partake in activities together while in an online chat. 

CLICK HERE for more information about Club Penguin.

My family also have a Wii fitness plus which has benefited my health and fitness and allowed me to enjoy exercise which is a necessity in life. It also encourages fun activity between family members and friendly competition, increasing relationships within my family. When visitors have stayed before we have even played against them as it is a form of entertainment with the benefit of connecting people.  

However, video games can be detrimental to the mental state of a person if they have a violent tone, which in many cases they do. By using soldiers firing guns and stealing cars as well as other petty crimes, gaming companies promote violence and felony. They normalise these acts and can desensitise impressionable teens if they are exposed to too much brutality from such a young age. These games can also teach immorality, for example, in the game 'Grand Theft Auto' any in-game money earnt can be spent on hiring a prostitute for your character which is not an act that should be encouraged. 

CLICK HERE for more information on 'Grand Theft Auto'.

Radio:

I usually listen to the radio when I am in a car; there are a variety of channels to listen to depending on personal preference. I tend to listen to 'Connect fm', a local broadcast as it plays music that I like and talks about situations relevant to the area I live in. It has an impact on me as it can improve my mood when travelling to school in the morning by playing songs that wake me up. It can also cause me stress as, for example, when GCSEs were approaching, radio channels were using statistics to predict results and debated how they may differ between genders. This put me under pressure which was unnecessary as it had no positive affect on me. Overall, the radio has not had a huge impact on my life as I do not listen to it enough for it to strongly affect me.

The Internet:

The internet keeps me constantly connected to people, news and online retailers and allows me to research information at the touch of my fingertips. Because of smart phones, I am able to literally carry the internet around with me which was nothing more than Steve Jobs' wildest dreams a decade ago. We live in a generation of convenience due to the rapid increase in technology.

Because of the internet, I am connected to people through social media and I am able to send instant messages at no cost, which is both efficient and taken for granted. With the many benefits that the internet brings, there are also negatives. Although social media has the intention of bringing people closer together, I feel that it actually can disconnect people from each other. The ability to digitally communicate via typed shorthand and abbreviations gives a false sense of social fulfilment which can lead to a compulsive addiction to using social media to communicate since the user's innate desire for social activity can never be satisfied.

Learning new skills

I can type in my blog.

I can add an image to my blog.

I can add a video from Youtube by embedding it in my blog.





CLICK HERE to shop fenty beauty by Rihanna.

Media Studies Induction Task

Why Study The Media?

Media comes in many forms including: social networks, newspapers, advertisements, films and billboards. It is important to study the media in order to understand the influence and impact it has on both individuals and society as a whole. By understanding how the media manipulates information, we can avoid being deceived by it. Media has both a positive and negative impact on social skills and communication as it keeps people connected, in particular teenagers, while also restraining them from social interaction. In our current society, media surrounds every aspect of our lives and is inescapable. It is constantly evolving and therefore forces all generations to evolve with it. The future is unknown, but it is highly probable that this is only the beginning of an era dominated by the many facets of the increasingly connected media.

The media has a significant impact on many people, particularly teenagers as they are the most impressionable. According to research by Emily Frith-Social Media and Children’s Mental Health (2017)- over one-third of 15-year-olds in the UK are ‘extreme internet users’ meaning they spend more than six hours of a typical weekend day on the internet. As well as this, it was recorded that, in 2015, 94.8 percent of 15-year olds used social media before and after school. These staggering statistics prove the involvement of media in most teens’ everyday lives and therefore, the power it has over their view of the world they live in.

Although social media has the intention of bringing people closer together, it can in fact tear them apart. Too much time spent online can result in social isolation as it restricts users from face to face interaction and so can be damaging to their social skills.

Social media can also affect adolescent’s mental health as the more time spent online means a higher chance of being cyberbullied. It can also affect their mental health as all over the internet there are promotions of an unachievable standard of beauty due to the works of Photoshop. Images of celebrities with seemingly perfect skin, hair and bodies are everywhere and idealised, causing many girls to acquire life threatening eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Boys can also be made to feel less ‘manly’ if they do not fit the image popularised by the media.

When setting up accounts on social networks users are required to enter personal information about themselves including their date of births and even where they work or study. This routine has become so normal that many people do not realise the risks that come with sharing personal details and unknowingly put themselves in vulnerable positions. Media also allows for the normalisation of big issues such as self-harm as there are a wide range of pages that share people’s stories with graphic images so issues such as this become nothing extraordinary as they are viewed on a daily basis. Violence is also made to appear normal and causes many to be unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy, the number of school shootings in the USA being proof of this.

Physically, media can also have a negative effect as sitting inside on a computer all day or in front of a TV is reported to be a huge contribution to the current obesity crisis in the UK as it decreases the amount of exercise these young people do. It can also cause sleep deprivation and poor sleeping quality which can be detrimental to their concentration and behaviour at school, interfering with their education.

However, the media can also have a positive impact on the youth as it can help teens who live sheltered lives develop cultural and political awareness. Because of news channels, magazines and social networking sites, adolescents are able to see the bigger picture of the world and society and can form their own views and beliefs. Media also connects teenagers to their peers and gives them a chance to improve their social skills, helping them in the future. There are many ways that the internet helps teenagers improve their reading and writing skills as many enjoy writing blogs and reading through articles that interest them. There are even available apps that allow people to learn languages in an interactive way that is beneficial to kinetic learners.

The media can also be used to manipulate people and their opinions, whether that’s through one-sided newspaper headlines in order to gain support for a political group, or advertisements for products that are made to appear essential when in fact the consumer has no good use for them. For example, ‘The Sun’ newspaper is written by people with conservative ideologies, therefore it is heavily biased and projects a negative light on the Labour Party and Jeremy Corbyn in particular. This gives readers a false and misleading view on politics as they fail to share the whole story and emphasise the flaws of groups they do not support.

One significant example of the manipulation of the media is the coverage of the Brexit referendum by conflicting newspapers. Some papers such as ‘The Daily Mail’ and ‘The Sun’ were fervently in favour of leaving the European Union whereas others such as ‘The Mirror’ were diametrically opposed to this position. The power of the media to manipulate its audience can be extrapolated from the results of the aforementioned referendum as between ‘The Sun’[1] and ‘The Daily Mail’[2] there is a combined total daily reach of 14 million readers, while between ‘The Mirror’[3] and ‘The Guardian’[4] there is a reach of a meagre 8 million. From the 57% difference in the reach, it is easily inferred that the influence of the right-wing media was likely a significant contributor to the vote. This shows that the media can manipulate the electorate to the extent that powerful media outlets are able to alter the outcome of major national decisions.

In the past, it was clear when an item in the media was an advertisement, whereas nowadays advertisements can be embedded into different formats of the media. For example, product placement in films to promote a brand. This can be deceiving as viewers don’t realise they are being advertised to. Also, advertisements on TV, in magazines and in newspapers can be manipulative as people don’t realise the strength of the influence the branding has. For example, if you see an advertisement several times on TV, then subconsciously you are more likely to buy that brand over another as you feel like it’s safe and familiar.

In conclusion, it is crucial that we study the media to ensure we do not fall victim to its potency. Teenagers spend most of their spare time online which can cause social isolation, mental health issues and be physically detrimental. However, there are many benefits of social media including learning opportunities. By recognising the fact that media normalises negative behaviour, we are able to understand that these issues are exaggerated and not as prevalent as they may seem. If we are aware of how newspapers twist the facts and are biased, we are less likely to put our faith into what is written as it is not a balanced view. We can be swayed by advertisements, so understanding effect on us helps us to make decisions based on our wants rather than their manipulation.  The amount of media we are exposed to has rocketed over the last decade and is heading on a fast trajectory into the future and the challenge for us is to keep up.

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[1] https://www.newsworks.org.uk/the-sun

[2] https://www.newsworks.org.uk/daily-mail

[3] https://www.newsworks.org.uk/daily-mirror

[4] https://www.newsworks.org.uk/the-guardian